Spirit precisely is not a “reward” for righteousness but the cause of it (Gal. 3:1–5). Similarly Martin Luther saw the Radical Reformers like those at Münster undermining Paul’s doctrine of grace by their call for radical holiness. Thus among the rabbis we find the saying, “When Jacob turned to self-indulgent grief, the Holy Spirit departed from him” (Genesis Rabbah 91:6, a rabbinic mid-rash on Gen. 42:1). Rabbi Gamaliel II is said to have “been seen by the Holy Spirit,” that is, been inspired by